Unexpected Outcome of Tallinn’s Free Public Transit Policy
Free Rides, Rising Car Use: A Paradox in Public Transport Policy

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In the past decade, some cities have considered or adopted fare-free public transit to aid low-income residents and cut emissions. This follows Tallinn, Estonia’s example, which has offered free public transit to residents since 2013, aiming to support lower-income residents affected by the 2008 financial crisis while charging non-residents. This strategy was not only...